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Safe Metal Limits:
Copper 0.014mg/l More toxic in soft water
Zinc exacerbates toxicity
Combined both are dangerous
Zinc 0.01mg/l Synergistic with copper
0.15mg/l In hard Water
Cadmium 0.03mg/l
Chromium 0.10mg/l
Lead 0.01mg/l In soft Water
4.00mg/l In hard Water
Silver
0.03mg/l
copper
continous: <.006mg/l
fish kill: >0.3.7mg/l in soft water, >.6-6.4mg/l in hard water
iron
continous: <.1mg/l
fish kill: >0.5mg/l
magnesium
continous: <0.01mg/l
fish kill: >75mg/l
sulfur
I don't have info at this time....
lead
continous: <0.02mg/l
fish kill: >1.0-31.5mg/l
Copper is the most poisonous of the bunch.
Although
Copper is used in marine fish medicine quite frequently, in fresh water it's a different story.
Copper accumulates in the fish's systems and is toxic at most any level
in fresh water.
Even the lowest levels of Copper cause toxic changes in the fishes nervous
system, gills, liver, kidneys, and the immune system. Fish
exposed to copper over an extended period of time become dull, darkened and
lethargic. At this initial stage of copper toxicity, gill lesions consist of the
blunting of the gill lamella (significantly reducing the hemoglobin/O2
exchange). The gill filaments initially become severely hyperplasic (huge mucus
buildups) and evolve to severe capillary congestion (telaglactisis) With
continued exposure the fish become indifferent to any form of external stimuli
-- the fish is basically suffocating to death. |
